Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 54 Records) |
Query Trace: Styles T[original query] |
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Of Those We Have Lost and Those Who Have Saved So Many Others
Chorba T . Emerg Infect Dis 2022 28 (7) 1537-9 Modernism is a term ascribed to styles and transformative movements in multiple cultural spheres—philosophy, music, art, architecture, and literature. In its essence, modernism has at its core experimentation, as a term usually applied to efforts and creations of the late 19th or early 20th century, but sometimes later, characterized by intentional departures from traditional forms. | | There are many well-known examples of modernist efforts in their respective spheres and periods. In biology, Charles Darwin questioned the concept of human uniqueness with the theory of evolution. In literature, the term modernist has been applied to European and American writers who created substantive departures from tradition, as was seen in the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustave Flaubert, James Joyce, and William Carlos Williams. In music, modernism is a term ascribed to the period 1890–1930, and postmodernism is a term sometimes accorded to phenomena with modernist qualities but occurring after 1930; however, some critics use modernism to describe a movement of rebellion that continues, dependent on the musician’s attitude rather than the musician’s moment in time. Certainly, Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis, Bob Dylan, John Lennon, Charles Mingus, the Rolling Stones, and Neil Young created musical forms that featured modernist iconoclasm, stepping well beyond the early 20th century. In art, modernism is used as a broader categorization of several novel stylistic departures including realism, postimpressionism, fauvism, cubism, dadaism, surrealism, abstract expressionism, and minimalism, each with elements of deliberate experimentation and innovation. |
B for Beethoven
Chorba T . Emerg Infect Dis 2023 29 (9) 1948-9 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770‒1827) is one of the most renowned and admired composers in the development of Western Classical music. He was perhaps the greatest contributor to the musical style transition from Classical (roughly 1750‒1820), with linear compositional styles, to Romantic (roughly 1798‒1837), with dramatic expansion of orchestra size and development of lyrical, less formulaic melodic styles. The German composer’s contributions vastly widened the scope and development of the concerto, quartet, sonata, and symphony. In March 1827, after a prolonged illness, Beethoven died at age 56 in his apartment in Vienna. Discussions of Beethoven’s health have been voluminous, fraught with controversy, and limited by an absence of evidence, characteristic of the first half of the 19th century before the availability of radiologic and microbiologic diagnostics. Starting at age 28, the composer suffered hearing deficits that were initially characterized as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Letters, journals, and other documents of that era indicate that, in his final decade of his life, Beethoven’s health and hearing progressively declined, yet he produced many works that were expansive and departing from the more conservative structure of his earlier works. |
Evaluation of factors that may influence Americans' views on when children should start playing tackle football
Waltzman D , Sarmiento K , Daugherty J . J Athl Train 2023 59 (1) 22-29 OBJECTIVE: American football is associated with the largest number of emergency department visits for pediatric sports-related traumatic brain injury, including concussions. Tackling is responsible for almost two-thirds of football concussions. Some have recommended implementing age restrictions on tackling in youth football. It is unclear whether the public would support such restrictions and what factors may drive support. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from 4,053 adults in the summer wave of Porter Novelli's 2020 U.S. Consumer Styles survey. MAIN MEASURES: Respondents answered questions about when is a good age to start tackle football, past football playing history, concerns about safety, and the benefits and risks of playing football. RESULTS: Most respondents believed that middle (32.8%) or high school (27.8%) was a good age to start playing tackle football. About one in five (19.8%) respondents reported children should never play tackle football. Certain groups of individuals were more likely to support having children start to play tackle football at high school age or above or to say that children should never play tackle football, including those with a bachelor's degree or more (rate ratio [RR]HS+ = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.14-1.76; RRNEVER = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.93-3.78), those who did not have children under 18 (RRHS+ = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.26-1.90; RRNEVER = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.14-2.07), those who were not football fans (RRNEVER = 3.07, 95% CI - 2.32-4.06), and those who were very (RRHS+ = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.87-5.42; RRNEVER = 11.52, 95% CI = 7.32-18.15) or somewhat concerned (RRHS+ = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.41-2.52) about kids' safety. CONCLUSION: Despite acknowledging benefits of playing football, many adults expressed concern about safety and endorsed high school age and older or never as a good age to start playing tackle football, highlighting a disconnect with current football program practices regarding age. |
Greener residential environment is associated with increased bacterial diversity in outdoor ambient air
Styles JN , Egorov AI , Griffin SM , Klein J , Scott JW , Sams EA , Hudgens E , Mugford C , Stewart JR , Lu K , Jaspers I , Keely SP , Brinkman NE , Arnold JW , Wade TJ . Sci Total Environ 2023 880 163266 In urban areas, exposure to greenspace has been found to be beneficial to human health. The biodiversity hypothesis proposed that exposure to diverse ambient microbes in greener areas may be one pathway leading to health benefits such as improved immune system functioning, reduced systemic inflammation, and ultimately reduced morbidity and mortality. Previous studies observed differences in ambient outdoor bacterial diversity between areas of high and low vegetated land cover but didn't focus on residential environments which are important to human health. This research examined the relationship between vegetated land and tree cover near residence and outdoor ambient air bacterial diversity and composition. We used a filter and pump system to collect ambient bacteria samples outside residences in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan area and identified bacteria by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Geospatial quantification of total vegetated land or tree cover was conducted within 500 m of each residence. Shannon's diversity index and weighted UniFrac distances were calculated to measure α (within-sample) and β (between-sample) diversity, respectively. Linear regression for α-diversity and permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) for β-diversity were used to model relationships between vegetated land and tree cover and bacterial diversity. Data analysis included 73 ambient air samples collected near 69 residences. Analysis of β-diversity demonstrated differences in ambient air microbiome composition between areas of high and low vegetated land (p = 0.03) and tree cover (p = 0.07). These relationships remained consistent among quintiles of vegetated land (p = 0.03) and tree cover (p = 0.008) and continuous measures of vegetated land (p = 0.03) and tree cover (p = 0.03). Increased vegetated land and tree cover were also associated with increased ambient microbiome α-diversity (p = 0.06 and p = 0.03, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate associations between vegetated land and tree cover and the ambient air microbiome's diversity and composition in the residential ecosystem. |
Comparison of the "tall and fall" versus "drop and drive" pitching styles: Analysis of Major League Baseball pitchers during a single season
Beaudry MF , Beaudry AG , Bradley JP , Haynes DE , Holland G , Edwards A , Baker BA , Jacobson BR , Chetlin RD . Orthop J Sports Med 2023 11 (5) 23259671231173691 BACKGROUND: Previous research has documented the proportion of "tall and fall" (TF) and "drop and drive" (DD) pitching styles among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers who underwent ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR). The proportion of these 2 styles among all MLB pitchers remains unknown. PURPOSE: To determine the proportion of the TF and DD pitching styles in all rostered MLB pitchers during a single season as well as the proportion of TF and DD pitchers who sustained an upper extremity (UE) injury and those who underwent UCLR. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Pitcher demographic characteristics from the 2019 MLB season and pitching information were obtained via open-access sources. Two-dimensional video analysis was used to categorize the included pitchers into TF and DD groups. Statistical comparisons and contrasts were made using 2-tailed t tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation analyses as appropriate. RESULTS: Of the 660 MLB rostered pitchers in 2019 (age, 27.39 ± 3.51 years; body mass index, 26.34 ± 2.47 kg/m(2); fastball velocity, 150.49 ± 3.99 kph [93.51 ± 2.48 mph]), 412 (62.4%) pitchers used the TF style and 248 (37.6%) pitchers used the DD style. Significantly more UE injuries were seen in the TF group compared with the DD group (112 vs 38 injuries, respectively; P < .001). Twelve pitchers underwent UCLR (TF, 10; DD, 2), representing a 1.8% UCLR rate among all pitchers. This was a second surgery for 2 pitchers, both of whom used the TF pitching style. Significantly more pitchers in the TF group than the DD group had undergone UCLR before 2019 (135 vs 56 pitchers, respectively; P = .005). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrated a higher prevalence of both UE injury and prior UCLR in TF pitchers. Further research is needed to explore the potential association between pitching style and UE injury. |
Exploring parent-engaged developmental monitoring of young children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Porter Novelli Styles 2019 and 2021
Nestor C , Sonikar P , Eberhardt A , Ajiboye AS , Tinker S , Green KK . Disabil Health J 2023 101474 BACKGROUND: Early identification of developmental delays may have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Parental engagement in developmental monitoring is a key component to successfully identifying developmental concerns. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this project was to understand whether parental engagement in developmental monitoring changed over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, from Spring 2019 to Fall 2021. METHODS: Survey data were obtained from 2019 SpringStyles and 2021 FallStyles Porter Novelli Public Services ConsumerStyles cross-sectional surveys. Only respondents with at least one child under the age of 8 at the time of the survey were included in the analytic sample (2019 N = 403; 2021 N = 344). Participants were asked several questions about how they monitor their children's development. Changes in frequency of developmental monitoring from 2019 to 2021 were estimated using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: In both 2019 and 2021, 89% of parents reported engaging in any type of developmental monitoring. Within the group of parents who engaged in any monitoring, there were no differences across years in the percentage of parents reporting using the methods surveyed, except that a smaller percentage reported comparing their children to others in 2021 (25%) compared to 2019 (36%, p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Despite major disruptions to families' lives, there were no significant changes to parents' overall engagement in developmental monitoring prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Post-COVID conditions and healthcare utilization among adults with and without disabilities-2021 Porter Novelli Fall Styles survey
Miller MJ , Feldstein LR , Holbrook J , Plumb ID , Accorsi EK , Zhang QC , Cheng Q , Ko JY , Wanga V , Konkle S , Dimitrov LV , Bertolli J , Saydah S . Disabil Health J 2022 16 (2) 101436 BACKGROUND: Adults with disabilities are at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease; whether adults with disabilities are at an increased risk for ongoing symptoms after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency and duration of long-term symptoms (>4 weeks) and health care utilization among adults with and without disabilities who self-report positive or negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. METHODS: Data from a nationwide survey of 4510 U.S. adults administered from September 24, 2021-October 7, 2021, were analyzed for 3251 (79%) participants who self-reported disability status, symptom(s), and SARS-CoV-2 test results (a positive test or only negative tests). Multivariable models were used to estimate the odds of having ≥1 COVID-19-like symptom(s) lasting >4 weeks by test result and disability status, weighted and adjusted for socio-demographics. RESULTS: Respondents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 had higher odds of reporting ≥1 long-term symptom (with disability: aOR = 4.50 [95% CI: 2.37, 8.54] and without disability: aOR = 9.88 [95% CI: 7.13, 13.71]) compared to respondents testing negative. Among respondents who tested positive, those with disabilities were not significantly more likely to experience long-term symptoms compared to respondents without disabilities (aOR = 1.65 [95% CI: 0.78, 3.50]). Health care utilization for reported symptoms was higher among respondents with disabilities who tested positive (40%) than among respondents without disabilities who tested positive (18%). CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing symptoms among adults with and without disabilities who also test positive for SARS-CoV-2 are common; however, the frequency of health care utilization for ongoing symptoms is two-fold among adults with disabilities. |
Evaluation of advanced curve speed warning system to prevent fire truck rollover crashes.
Simeonov P , Nimbarte A , Hsiao H , Current R , Ammons D , Choi HS , Rahman MM , Weaver D . J Safety Res 2022 83 388-399 Introduction: A disproportionately high number of deadly crash-incidents involve fire-tanker rollovers during emergency response driving. Most of these rollover incidents occur at dangerous horizontal curves (“curves”) due to unsafe speed. This study examined the effects of a curve speed warning system (CSWS) on fire tanker drivers’ emergency response behavior to develop system improvement suggestions. Method: Twenty-four firefighters participated in driving tests using a simulator. A fire tanker model, carrying a full tank of water, was used in emergency driving tests performed with and without CSWS. The CSWS was designed using the algorithm for passenger vehicles with a few initial modifications considering the unique requirements of heavy fire tanker and emergency driving. Results: The results indicated that the CSWS was effective in issuing preemptive warnings when the drivers were approaching curves with unsafe speed during emergency response. Warnings occurred more frequently at curves with smaller radius. Although the CSWS improved driving performance, it did not significantly reduce the number of rollover events. A detailed analysis of the rollover events provided suggestions for improvement of CSWS algorithms. Conclusions: To further improve the CSWS algorithm, the following may be considered: including increased safety speed margin below the rollover critical speed, moving the speed warning trigger from the curve apex to the curve entry point, extending the safe speed-control zone to cover the entire curve, and employing artificial intelligence to accommodate individual driving styles. Practical Applications: Fire tankers continue to be at increased risk of rollover during emergency response due to unsafe negotiation of dangerous curves. Development and use of advanced driver assist systems such as CSWS evaluated in this study may be an effective strategy to prevent deadly rollover crash-incidents. The knowledge generated by this study will be useful for system designers to improve the CSWS specifically designed for heavy emergency vehicles. © 2022 |
Retrospective analysis of ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions in major league baseball pitchers: A comparison of the "tall and fall" versus "drop and drive" pitching styles
Beaudry MF , Beaudry AG , Bradley JP , Davis S , Baker BA , Holland G , Jacobson BR , Chetlin RD . Orthop J Sports Med 2022 10 (10) 23259671221128041 BACKGROUND: Previous pilot research has investigated differences in elbow valgus torque between the "tall and fall" (TF) and "drop and drive" (DD) pitching styles. Whether one of these pitching styles is associated with a greater rate of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is currently unknown. PURPOSE: To determine the proportion of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers using the TF and DD pitching styles who underwent UCLR over a 10-year period. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: The demographic characteristics of pitchers who underwent UCLR between 2007 and 2017 were obtained via the open-source database MLB Player Analysis Tommy John Surgery List. Other information, such as previous UCLR and pitching videos and graphics, was obtained from other open-source databases. A comprehensive, 2-dimensional, kinesiology-based multicomponent definition of each pitching style was formulated and used to categorize the included pitchers into the TF and DD groups. Statistical comparisons and contrasts were made using chi-square and Pearson correlation tests. RESULTS: Included were 223 MLB pitchers (mean ± SD age, 27.5 ± 3.6 years; body mass index [BMI], 27.6 ± 2.2; throwing velocity, 92.9 ± 2.6 mph [149.5 ± 4.2 km/h]) who underwent UCLR between 2007 and 2017. Of these pitchers, 162 were categorized as TF pitchers (72.6%) and 61 as DD pitchers (27.4%). Pitching velocity for injured pitchers was significantly correlated to BMI (P < .001). We found no significant associations of pitching style with year of UCLR (P = .941), BMI (P = .549), age (P = .647), handedness (P = .501), or average pitch velocity (P = .921). CONCLUSION: The study findings demonstrated that a higher proportion of UCL-injured MLB pitchers (72.6%) used the TF pitching style. Further research is needed to explore the potential association between pitching style and UCL injury. |
Selected movement and force pattern differences in rail- and rung-climbing of fire apparatus aerial ladders at 52.5 slope
Fu QA , Simeonov P , Hsiao H , Woolley C , Armstrong TJ . Appl Ergon 2021 99 103639 This study compares human climbing performance, including climbing speed and movement and force patterns, between rail- and rung-climbing styles for a moderate aerial ladder slope (52.5°). Hand and foot movements and forces were recorded for 9 male and 10 female firefighters as they ascended and descended a 3.4-m ladder using elevated handrails (rail-climbing) or rungs (rung-climbing) for hand support. The results indicated that climbers used three or more points of contact 54% of the time for rung-climbing and 100% of the time for rail-climbing. Furthermore, rail-climbing was 10% faster than rung-climbing. In rail-climbing, the lateral hand forces were mostly directed away from the body; while during rung-climbing, they were alternated in lateral and medial directions. Overall, the results suggested that rail-climbing provides better control over body positioning and faster climbing speed. Furthermore, the continuous contact of both hands in rail-climbing may reduce the fall risk by facilitating the recovery from a slip or perturbation. |
Association of self-reported depression and anger with law enforcement officers' physical abuse of Black men in 4 Georgia counties, 2011
Iqbal SA , Truman BI , Crosby AE . J Natl Med Assoc 2021 113 (4) 371-381 INTRODUCTION: The association between the behavioral affect of black men and law enforcement officers' physical abuse of those men is not well-understood. This analysis measures the association between self-reported negative affect behavior (anger or depression) by the men and physical abuse by law enforcement officers, controlling for demographic and behavioral attributes. METHODS: A single point-in-time cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 through random-digit telephone dialing among a sample of English-speaking black men aged 18-65 years in 4 Georgia (USA) counties. Associations among the outcomes, self-reported history of physical abuse by law enforcement officers, and the predictor variables of interest (self-reported anger or depression) was conducted through multivariable logistic regression. Other independent variables of interest measured were age; country of origin; parental country of origin; education; income; employment status; previous residency in a juvenile, jail, or prison facility; coping styles; and self-reported gender role and racism stress levels. RESULTS: Of the 633 survey participants who had interacted with law enforcement officers within the past 5 years, 129 (20.4%) reported physical abuse by law enforcement officers. Three factors had statistically significant, independent associations with reported law enforcement officer physical abuse: high levels of depression stratified by often or sometimes coping with stress through anger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-16.9), previous residency in a jail or prison (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.8-3.1), and higher levels of exposure to racism (aOR [high levels of racism] = 15.0; 95% CI: 6.7-33.7 and aOR [medium levels of racism] = 6.5; 95% CI: 3.4-12.3). CONCLUSION: Cohort studies are needed to determine if a black man's negative coping style, history of incarceration or exposure to racism is causally related to his history of physical abuse by a law enforcement officer. |
Adults' attitudes toward raising the minimum age of sale for tobacco products to 21 years, United States, 2014-2017
Gentzke AS , Glover-Kudon R , Tynan M , Jamal A . Prev Med 2020 133 106012 Raising the minimum age of sale for tobacco products to 21years (Tobacco 21) could help prevent and delay tobacco product initiation among youth. This study examined changes in U.S. adults' attitudes toward Tobacco 21 policies during 2014-2017. Data came from the 2014-2017 annual Summer Styles surveys, an Internet-based, cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults aged >/=18years, drawn from GfK's KnowledgePanel(R). Sample sizes ranged from 4107 in 2017 to 4269 in 2014. Each year, respondents were asked if they "strongly favor," "somewhat favor," "somewhat oppose," or "strongly oppose" Tobacco 21 policies. Weighted prevalence estimates of favorability (strongly or somewhat favor) were assessed each year; differences in favorability between years were assessed by chi square tests. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of favorability with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression for the year 2017. Tobacco 21 policy favorability was reported by 75.0% in 2014; 72.3% in 2015; 78.4% in 2016; and 75.2% in 2017; the difference in favorability between 2014 and 2017 was not statistically significant. In 2017, lower odds of favorability toward Tobacco 21 policies were observed for current (aOR=0.49, CI=0.37-0.64) and former (aOR=0.54, CI=0.44-0.66) cigarette smokers, and current other tobacco product users (aOR=0.54, CI=0.49-0.64) than respective nonusers. Among U.S. adults, Tobacco 21 favorability has remained high since 2014, coinciding with a period of rapid state and local-level policy adoption. These results could be helpful for states and localities as they work to understand the feasibility of Tobacco 21 policies in their jurisdiction. |
Factors influencing the prioritization of injured patients for transfer to a burn or trauma center following a mass casualty event
Lancet EA , Zhang WW , Roblin P , Arquilla B , Zeig-Owens R , Asaeda G , Kaufman B , Alexandrou NA , Gallagher JJ , Cooper ML , Styles T , Prezant DJ , Quinn C . Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020 15 (1) 1-8 OBJECTIVES: In New York City, a multi-disciplinary Mass Casualty Consultation team is proposed to support prioritization of patients for coordinated inter-facility transfer after a large-scale mass casualty event. This study examines factors that influence consultation team prioritization decisions. METHODS: As part of a multi-hospital functional exercise, 2 teams prioritized the same set of 69 patient profiles. Prioritization decisions were compared between teams. Agreement between teams was assessed based on patient profile demographics and injury severity. An investigator interviewed team leaders to determine reasons for discordant transfer decisions. RESULTS: The 2 teams differed significantly in the total number of transfers recommended (49 vs 36; P = 0.003). However, there was substantial agreement when recommending transfer to burn centers, with 85.5% agreement and inter-rater reliability of 0.67 (confidence interval: 0.49-0.85). There was better agreement for patients with a higher acuity of injuries. Based on interviews, the most common reason for discordance was insider knowledge of the local community hospital and its capabilities. CONCLUSIONS: A multi-disciplinary Mass Casualty Consultation team was able to rapidly prioritize patients for coordinated secondary transfer using limited clinical information. Training for consultation teams should emphasize guidelines for transfer based on existing services at sending and receiving hospitals, as knowledge of local community hospital capabilities influence physician decision-making. |
Spinal loading and lift style in confined vertical space
Weston EB , Dufour JS , Lu ML , Marras WS . Appl Ergon 2020 84 103021 The objective of this study was to investigate biomechanical loads on the lumbar spine as a function of working in a confined vertical space, consistent with baggage handling inside the baggage compartment of an airplane. Ten male subjects performed baggage handling tasks using confined (kneeling, sitting) and unconfined (stooping) lifting styles. Dependent measures of torso flexion and three-dimensional spinal loads were assessed with an electromyography-driven biomechanical model. Lifting exertions typical to airline baggage handling posed significant risk to the lumbar spine, regardless of lifting style. Statistically significant differences attributable to lift style (stooping, kneeling, sitting) were not observed for peak compressive, lateral shear, or resultant spinal loads, but lifting while kneeling decreased anterior/posterior (A/P) shear spinal loads relative to stooping (p = 0.02). Collectively, kneeling offers the greatest benefit when lifting in confined spaces because of the ability to keep the torso upright, subsequently reducing shear forces on the lumbar spine. |
Adults' favorability toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products in the United States
Agaku IT , Odani S , Armour BS , King BA . Prev Med 2019 129 105862 In November 2018, US Food and Drug Administration announced its intent to prohibit menthol in combustible tobacco products, prohibit flavored cigars, and prohibit flavored e-cigarettes unless they are sold in age-restricted, in-person locations. This study assessed adult attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Data were from the 2016 Summer Styles survey of 4203 US adults aged >/=18years. Respondents were asked whether they favored or opposed prohibiting flavors (e.g., menthol, spicy, sweet, or fruity flavor) in all tobacco products. Prevalence and correlates of favorability were assessed using weighted percentages and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) respectively. Assessed correlates were: sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, US Census region, marital status, children <18years living in the home, perceptions toward e-cigarette advertising, and current (past 30-day) tobacco product use. Overall, 47.3% of adults reported favorable attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products. By tobacco product use status, prevalence was 52.0%, 48.4%, and 34.8% among never, former, and current users, respectively (p<.05). Among current tobacco product users, favorability was more likely among adults who believed e-cigarette ads exposure makes youth think about smoking (aPR=1.82; 95% CI=1.20-2.78) and those with any children aged <18years in their household (aPR=1.38; 95% CI=1.05-1.82). To conclude, nearly half of adults favored prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Prohibiting flavors in tobacco products could benefit public health by reducing both individual-level and population-level harms, including tobacco use initiation especially among youth. |
Introduction of Ebola virus into a remote border district of Sierra Leone, 2014: use of field epidemiology and RNA sequencing to describe chains of transmission.
DeSilva MB , Styles T , Basler C , Moses FL , Husain F , Reichler M , Whitmer S , McAuley J , Belay E , Friedman M , Muoghalu IS , Swaray P , Stroher U , Redd JT . Epidemiol Infect 2019 147 e88 In early October 2014, 7 months after the 2014-2015 Ebola epidemic in West Africa began, a cluster of reported deaths in Koinadugu, a remote district of Sierra Leone, was the first evidence of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in the district. Prior to this event, geographic isolation was thought to have prevented the introduction of Ebola to this area. We describe our initial investigation of this cluster of deaths and subsequent public health actions after Ebola was confirmed, and present challenges to our investigation and methods of overcoming them. We present a transmission tree and results of whole genome sequencing of selected isolates to identify the source of infection in Koinadugu and demonstrate transmission between its villages. Koinadugu's experience highlights the danger of assuming that remote location and geographic isolation can prevent the spread of Ebola, but also demonstrates how deployment of rapid field response teams can help limit spread once Ebola is detected. |
Temperament similarities and differences: A comparison of factor structures from the Behavioral Style Questionnaire in children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Barger B , Moody EJ , Ledbetter C , D'Abreu L , Hepburn S , Rosenberg SA . J Autism Dev Disord 2019 49 (5) 1749-1762 The majority of studies of temperament in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) use scales normed on typical populations. The present study examined a widely used measure of temperament, the Behavioral Style Questionnaire (McDevitt and Carey in Behavioral Styles Questionnaire, Behavioral-Developmental Initiatives Scottsdale, AZ, 1975) to determine whether it contains the temperament traits theorized by its creators. Neither confirmatory nor exploratory factor analysis, using a sample of children with ASD and a population comparison group, identified the theorized nine temperament factors; many items did not strongly load on any of the original factors. A 10 factor solution best described the ASD data and a 9 factor solution best described the typical group's data. There were substantial similarities in the 9 factor solutions, but groups differed from one another enough to question construct similarity for several factors. These results highlight that more basic psychometric research is needed to better understand the BSQ in children with ASD. |
U.S. adult attitudes about electronic vapor product use in indoor public places
Wang TW , Marynak KM , Gentzke AS , King BA . Am J Prev Med 2018 56 (1) 134-140 INTRODUCTION: The U.S. Surgeon General has concluded that aerosol from electronic vapor products, such as e-cigarettes, can contain harmful and potentially harmful constituents. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of U.S. adult attitudes toward electronic vapor product use in indoor public places. METHODS: Data from 2017 Summer Styles, an Internet survey of U.S. adults aged >/=18 years (n=4,107) were analyzed in 2017. Respondents were asked, Do you favor or oppose allowing the use of electronic vapor products in indoor public places such as workplaces, restaurants, and bars? Responses were strongly favor, somewhat favor, somewhat oppose, and strongly oppose. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to determine sociodemographic correlates of opposition (somewhat or strongly). RESULTS: In 2017, a total of 82.4% of adults strongly or somewhat opposed the use of electronic vapor products in indoor public places, including 28.0% of current (past 30-day) electronic vapor product users and 52.7% of current cigarette smokers. After adjustment, opposition was significantly lower among current and former electronic vapor product users than never users, current cigarette smokers than never smokers, and people living with tobacco product users. Opposition was significantly higher among adults aged >/=45 years than those aged 18-24 years and among adults who had rules prohibiting electronic vapor product use in their vehicles or homes than those without such rules. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately eight in ten U.S. adults, including more than one quarter of electronic vapor product users, opposed electronic vapor product use in indoor public places. Prohibiting electronic vapor product use in indoor public areas can protect bystanders from the health risks of secondhand electronic vapor product aerosol exposure. |
Attitudes, motivators, and barriers to emergency preparedness using the 2016 Styles Survey
Kruger J , Chen B , Heitfeld S , Witbart L , Bruce C , Pitts DL . Health Promot Pract 2018 21 (3) 448-456 This study assessed adults' perceptions toward preparedness to better inform emergency planning efforts for households and communities. The 2016 Styles, an Internet panel survey, was used to assess emergency preparedness competencies. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe the sociodemographic factors by preparedness status. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the association between perceived preparedness and characteristics associated with preparedness attitudes, motivators, and barriers. Approximately 40% of adults surveyed reported that they were prepared for emergencies. The main motivator for those prepared was awareness of local disasters (38.9%), and a leading barrier was confusion about how to plan for the unknown (23.7%). Those prepared were more likely to have the right supplies (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.05, 1.50]), discuss emergency plans (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI = [1.02-1.42]), and act before an emergency occurred (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = [1.15, 1.59]), compared with adults who did not report being prepared. Results from this research indicate that identifying motivation to prepare for emergencies can contribute to public health disaster planning. Preparation is a critical step that allows the community and its citizens to be more equipped to function during and after a disaster. |
Use of price promotions among U.S. adults who use electronic vapor products
Ali FRM , Xu X , Tynan MA , King BA . Am J Prev Med 2018 55 (2) 240-243 INTRODUCTION: Sales of electronic vapor products have increased in recent years. This increase in use may be related to manufacturer price promotions. This study assessed the use of price-related promotions among current electronic vapor product users. METHODS: Data from the 2015 and 2016 Summer Styles, an Internet survey of U.S. adults aged >/=18 years, were analyzed in 2017. Current electronic vapor product users (n=300) were those who reported past 30-day electronic vapor product use. Price-related promotion use was defined as reported use of coupons, rebates, discount codes, or other special price-related promotions when purchasing electronic vapor products (e.g., electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], electronic hookah [e-hookah], or vape pens). Associations between price-related promotion use and sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, U.S. region, cigarette smoking status, electronic vapor product use frequency, place electronic vapor products were obtained, and survey year were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among current electronic vapor product users, 15.0% reported using price-related promotions. The adjusted odds of using price-related promotions was significantly higher among respondents who obtained electronic vapor products from a gas station, grocery or drug store, or the Internet (AOR=2.65, 95% CI=1.22, 5.74) versus anywhere else (i.e., mall kiosks, vape shop, friends/family) and among those who used electronic vapor products >/=15 days in the past 30 days (AOR=2.57, 95% CI=1.18, 5.56) versus </=14 days. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one in seven current U.S. adult electronic vapor product users reported using price promotions during 2015-2016, and variations in price promotion use existed by electronic vapor product use frequency and where electronic vapor products were obtained. Continued monitoring of the use of price-related promotions could help inform public health policy, planning, and practice. |
Project BREATHE - Prototype Respirator Evaluation Utilizing Newly Proposed Respirator Test Criteria
Kim JH , Roberge RJ , Shaffer RE , Zhuang Z , Powell JB , Bergman M , Palmiero AJ . J Int Soc Respir Prot 2017 34 (1) 1-9 Machine and human subject testing of four prototype filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) and two commercial FFR was carried out utilizing recently proposed respirator test criteria that address healthcare worker-identified comfort and tolerance issues. Overall, two FFR (one prototype, one commercial model) were able to pass all eight criteria and three FFR (two prototypes, one commercial model) were able to pass seven of eight criteria. One prototype FFR was not tested against the criteria due to an inability to obtain satisfactory results on human subject quantitative respirator fit testing. Future studies, testing different models and styles of FFR against the proposed criteria, will be required to gauge the overall utility and effectiveness of the criteria in determining FFR comfort and tolerance issues that may impact user compliance and, by extension, protection. |
Attitudes toward smoke-free public housing among U.S. adults, 2016
Wang TW , Lemos PR , McNabb S , King BA . Am J Prev Med 2017 54 (1) 113-118 INTRODUCTION: Effective February 2017, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development published a rule requiring each public housing agency to implement a smoke-free policy within 18 months. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of favorability toward smoke-free public housing among U.S. adults. METHODS: Data from 2016 Summer Styles, a nationally representative web-based survey conducted among adults (N=4,203) were analyzed in 2017. Participants were asked: Do you favor or oppose prohibiting smoking in public housing, including all indoor areas of living units, common areas, and office buildings, as well as in all outdoor areas within 25 feet of buildings? Multivariate Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios of favorability (strongly or somewhat). RESULTS: Overall, 73.7% of respondents favored smoke-free public housing. Favorability was 44.3% among current cigarette smokers, 73.2% among former smokers, and 80.4% among never smokers. The adjusted likelihood of favorability was greater among non-Hispanic, non-black racial/ethnic minorities than whites, and among those in the West than the Northeast (p<0.05). Favorability was lower among adults with a high school education or less compared with those with a college degree, adults with annual household income <$15,000 than those with income ≥$60,000, multiunit housing residents than non-multiunit housing residents, current cigarette smokers than never smokers, and current non-cigarette tobacco product users than never users (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most U.S. adults favor prohibiting smoking in public housing. These data can inform the implementation and sustainment of smoke-free policies to reduce the public health burden of tobacco smoking in public housing. |
Assessment of hospital emergency department response to potentially infectious diseases using unannounced mystery patient drills - New York City, 2016
Foote MMK , Styles TS , Quinn CL . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017 66 (36) 945-949 Recent outbreaks of infectious diseases have revealed significant health care system vulnerabilities and highlighted the importance of rapid recognition and isolation of patients with potentially severe infectious diseases. During December 2015-May 2016, a series of unannounced "mystery patient drills" was carried out to assess New York City Emergency Departments' (EDs) abilities to identify and respond to patients with communicable diseases of public health concern. Drill scenarios presented a patient reporting signs or symptoms and travel history consistent with possible measles or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Evaluators captured key infection control performance measures, including time to patient masking and isolation. Ninety-five drills (53 measles and 42 MERS) were conducted in 49 EDs with patients masked and isolated in 78% of drills. Median time from entry to masking was 1.5 minutes (range = 0-47 minutes) and from entry to isolation was 8.5 minutes (range = 1-57). Hospitals varied in their ability to identify potentially infectious patients and implement recommended infection control measures in a timely manner. Drill findings were used to inform hospital improvement planning to more rapidly and consistently identify and isolate patients with a potentially highly infectious disease. |
Perceptions of harm to children exposed to secondhand aerosol from electronic vapor products, Styles Survey, 2015
Nguyen KH , Tong VT , Marynak K , King BA . Prev Chronic Dis 2017 14 E41 INTRODUCTION: The US Surgeon General has concluded that e-cigarette aerosol is not harmless and can contain harmful and potentially harmful chemicals, including nicotine. We assessed factors associated with adults' perceptions of harm related to children's exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic vapor products (EVPs). METHODS: Data came from the 2015 Styles, an Internet panel survey of US adults aged 18 years or older (n = 4,127). Respondents were asked whether they believe aerosol from other people's EVPs causes children harm. Harm perceptions were assessed overall and by cigarette smoking, EVP use, and sociodemographic characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess odds of perceived harm. RESULTS: Overall, 5.3% of adults responded that secondhand EVP exposure caused "no harm" to children, 39.9% responded "little harm" or "some harm," 21.5% responded "a lot of harm," and 33.3% responded "don't know." Odds of "no harm" response were greater among men than among women, current and former cigarette smokers than among never smokers, and current and former EVP users than among never users; odds were lower among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic other races than among non-Hispanic whites. Odds of responding "don't know" were greater among men, current cigarette smokers, and current and former EVP users; odds were lower among those aged 45 to 64 years than those aged 18 to 24 years and lower among non-Hispanic other races and Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. CONCLUSION: Two-fifths of US adults believe that children's exposure to secondhand EVP aerosol causes some or little harm, while one-third do not know whether it causes harm. Efforts are warranted to educate the public about the health risks of secondhand EVP aerosol, particularly for children. |
Risk factors for long-term post-traumatic stress disorder among medical rescue workers appointed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake response in China
Schenk EJ , Yuan J , Martel LD , Shi GQ , Han K , Gao X . Disasters 2016 41 (4) 788-802 This study aims to determine the risk factors for clinically-significant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Chinese medical rescue workers one year after the response to the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. A sample of 337 medical workers who performed response work within the first three months of the event completed an online questionnaire, which included information on demographics, social support, the management and organisation of the disaster response, and an assessment of PTSD. Symptoms consistent with PTSD were prevalent in 17 per cent of the rescue workers. Those who developed PTSD symptoms were more likely to have been injured, experienced a water shortage, been disconnected from family and friends during the response, and have passive coping styles and neurotic personalities. Factors that cannot be changed easily, such as personality traits, should be evaluated prior to deployment to ensure that rescue workers at higher risk of PTSD are provided with adequate support before and during deployment. |
US adults' perceptions of the harmful effects during pregnancy of using electronic vapor products versus smoking cigarettes, Styles Survey, 2015
Nguyen KH , Tong VT , Marynak KL , King BA . Prev Chronic Dis 2016 13 E175 INTRODUCTION: Research suggests aerosol from electronic vapor products (EVPs) has fewer harmful constituents than conventional cigarette smoke. Even so, EVPs and other nicotine-containing products are not safe to use during pregnancy. We examined perceptions among US adults regarding harm in using EVPs rather than smoking cigarettes during pregnancy. METHODS: Data came from the 2015 Styles Survey, an Internet panel survey of a sample of US adults aged 18 years or older (N = 4,127). Perceived harm was assessed by asking respondents whether using EVPs was less, equally, or more harmful for pregnant women than smoking cigarettes. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate perceived harm overall and by sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco-use status. Perceived harm was assessed among all adults, women of reproductive age (18-44 years, n = 820), and women of nonreproductive age (≥45 years, n = 1,398). RESULTS: Among all adults, 11.1% believed using EVPs during pregnancy was less harmful than smoking conventional cigarettes, 51.0% believed it was equally harmful, 11.6% believed it was more harmful, and 26.2% did not know. Prevalence of perception of less harm, by demographic category, was greatest among adults aged 18 to 24 years, men, non-Hispanic whites, adults with less than a high school diploma, current EVP users, and current cigarette smokers (P < .05). Prevalence of perception of less harm was greater among women of reproductive age (9.6%) than among those of nonreproductive age (7.9%) (P < .05). CONCLUSION: US adults have varying levels of perceptions about the harms of EVP use versus cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Efforts are warranted to prevent nicotine exposure during pregnancy and to educate adults on the dangers of using any form of tobacco during pregnancy, including EVPs. |
Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy among Stage II Colon Cancer Patients in 10 Population-Based National Program of Cancer Registries
Eheman CR , O'Neil ME , Styles TS , Thompson TD , Morris CR , Babcock FA , Chen VW . J Registry Manag 2016 43 (4) 179-186 BACKGROUND: Some guidelines advise adjuvant chemotherapy be considered after surgical resection for high-risk stage II colon cancer patients; however, high-risk criteria are poorly defined and the long-term benefits are still debated. This study documents patterns of care by selected patient and tumor characteristics using a US population-based cohort of stage II colon cancer patients diagnosed in 2011. METHODS: Data were collected from 10 specialized cancer registries participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries' Enhancing Cancer Registry Data for Comparative Effectiveness Research project. The data were used to describe characteristics of stage II colon cancer patients treated by surgery to evaluate factors associated with receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of the 3,891 stage II colon cancer patients, 14.3% were treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy compared to 82.9% by surgery alone. The patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy were predominately non-Hispanic white (66.1%), of younger age, and had private insurance (39.9%). Compared to surgery alone, the 5 characteristics associated with adjuvant therapy were younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for 5-year decrease below 75 years, 1.25; P < .001); more advanced stage (IIB/IIC vs IIA) (AOR, 4.79; P < .001); lymphovascular invasion (AOR, 1.76, P < .001); higher grade (III/IV vs I/II) (AOR, 1.84; P < .001); and registry area. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based cohort, younger patients with more advanced stage II colon tumors, with lymphovascular invasion, and poor differentiation were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy in addition to surgery. These characteristics align with high-risk profiles defined in guidelines. Ongoing data collection on outcomes, including recurrence and survival, will help clarify the benefits of adjuvant treatments for stage II colon patients. |
Population-Based Testing and Treatment Characteristics for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Styles T , Wu M , Wilson R , Babcock F , Butterworth D , West DW , Richardson LC . J Registry Manag 2016 41 (3) 134-142 INTRODUCTION: National and international hematology/oncology practice guidelines recommend testing for the BCR-ABL mutation for definitive diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) to allow for appropriate treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). The purpose of our study was to describe population-based testing and treatment practice characteristics for patients diagnosed with CML. METHODS: We analyzed cases of CML using 2011 data from 10 state registries that are part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s National Program of Cancer Registries. We describe completeness of testing for the BCR-ABL gene and availability of outpatient treatment with TKIs and associated characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 685 cases of CML were identified; 55 percent (374) had a documented BCR-ABL gene test with 96 percent (360) of these being positive for the BCR-ABL gene and the remaining 4 percent (14) either testing negative or having a missing result. Registries were able to identify the use of TKIs in 54 percent (369) of patients, though only 43 percent (296) had a corresponding BCR-ABL gene test documented. One state registry reported a significantly lower percentage of patients being tested for the BCR-ABL gene (25 percent) and receiving TKI treatment (21 percent). Limiting analysis to CML case reports from the remaining 9 comparative effectiveness research registries, 78 percent (305) patients had a documented BCR-ABL gene test and 79 percent (308) had documented treatment with a TKI. Receipt of testing or treatment for these 9 states did not vary by sex, race, ethnicity, census tract poverty level, census tract urbanization, or insurance status; BCR-ABL testing varied by state of residence, and BCR-ABL testing and TKI therapy occurred less often with increasing age (BCR-ABL testing: odds ratio [OR], 0.97; 95 percent CI, 0.95-0.99; and TKI therapy: OR, 0.97; 95 percent CI, 0.96-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Collection of detailed CML data vary significantly by states. A majority of the case patients had appropriate testing for the BCR-ABL gene and treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, BCR-ABL testing and TKI treatment decreased with increasing age. Further research is needed to understand CML coding, testing, and treatment disparities. |
Attitudes toward prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacy stores among U.S. adults
Wang TW , Agaku IT , Marynak KL , King BA . Am J Prev Med 2016 51 (6) 1038-1043 INTRODUCTION: Pharmacy stores are positioned to cultivate health and wellness among patrons. This study assessed attitudes toward prohibiting tobacco product sales in pharmacy stores among U.S. adults. METHODS: Data from the 2014 Summer Styles, an Internet survey of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years (n=4,269), were analyzed in 2015. Respondents were asked: Do you favor or oppose banning the sale of all tobacco products in retail pharmacy stores? Responses were: strongly favor, somewhat favor, somewhat oppose, and strongly oppose. Prevalence ratios were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression to determine sociodemographic correlates of favorability (strongly or somewhat). RESULTS: Among all adults, 66.1% "strongly" or "somewhat" favored prohibiting tobacco product sales in pharmacy stores. Favorability was 46.5% among current cigarette smokers, 66.3% among former smokers, and 71.8% among never smokers. Favorability was 47.8% among current non-cigarette tobacco users, 63.2% among former users, and 71.4% among never users. Following adjustment, favorability was more likely among women compared with men (p<0.05). Conversely, favorability was less likely among the following: adults aged 25-44 years and 45-64 years compared with those aged ≥65 years, those with annual household income of $15,000-$24,999 compared with ≥$60,000, current cigarette smokers compared with never smokers, and current and former non-cigarette tobacco users compared with never tobacco users (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most U.S. adults favor prohibiting tobacco sales in retail pharmacy stores. Eliminating tobacco product sales in these settings may reinforce pharmacy stores' efforts to promote wellness, and further cultivate social climates that reduce the desirability, acceptability, and accessibility of tobacco. |
Modes of ever marijuana use among adult tobacco users and non-tobacco users - Styles 2014
Singh T , Kennedy SM , Sharapova SS , Schauer GL , Rolle IV . J Subst Use 2016 21 (6) 631-635 Background: Tobacco and marijuana use are related behaviors; therefore, it is important to identify how users consume marijuana, and how it varies with tobacco use status. We estimated the modes of ever marijuana use among current, former, and never adult tobacco users. Methods: Weighted data were analyzed for 4181 adults from 2014 Styles, an online consumer panel survey of US adults, to estimate proportions for modes of ever marijuana use. Differences in modes of ever marijuana use between categories of tobacco use status were assessed (p-value <0.05). Results: More than half of current (56.6%) and former tobacco users (50.9%) had ever used marijuana, whereas only 13.0% of never tobacco users had ever used marijuana. Among ever marijuana users, joint use was the most common mode of use among current (86.4%), former (92.5%), and never (79.8%) tobacco users. Similarly, other modes of marijuana use were significantly higher in current and former tobacco users compared to never tobacco users. Conclusions: Prevalence of all modes of ever marijuana use was higher in current and former tobacco users. These findings underscore the importance of considering the relationship between marijuana and tobacco use when developing programs and policies aimed at preventing and reducing marijuana use. |
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